Correction & Retraction Policy

Corrections

• Erratum: Publisher-initiated minor corrections.

• Corrigendum: Author-initiated corrections affecting interpretation or reliability.

• Correction notices linked to original article and indexed.

Retractions

• Grounds: Research misconduct, ethical violations, or fundamental errors.

• Procedure: Editorial investigation, COPE-guided decision, retraction notice linked to original article.

• Indexed publicly to maintain transparency.