Prevalence of Anemia in Multigravida Women and Its Associated Risk Factors in Teaching Hospital, University of Lahore

Abstract

Background: Anemia during pregnancy remains an important maternal-health concern, particularly in lower-resource settings. Women with multiple pregnancies may be vulnerable because of repeated nutritional demands, short birth intervals, socioeconomic disadvantage, and limited nutrition-related knowledge. This study aimed to assess anemia and associated risk factors among multigravida pregnant women attending the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 multigravida pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic or gynecology ward of the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Lahore. Participants were recruited through non-probability purposive sampling between April and June 2026. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire adapted from a previous instrument and hemoglobin information from laboratory reports and/or antenatal charts. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using IBM SPSS; the thesis states that chi-square testing was planned for associations, with p < .05 considered statistically significant.

Results: The thesis reports that most participants were from low- or middle-income groups and that many had low educational attainment. A previous history of anemia was reported by 57.7% of participants, and 56% had a history of menorrhagia before pregnancy. Tea consumption after meals was reported by 78.5%, iron supplementation by 63.1%, fruit intake by 85%, and green leafy vegetable consumption by 82%. The thesis narrative describes limited knowledge about anemia, iron requirements, and iron-rich foods. The exact hemoglobin-based anemia prevalence and complete inferential-test results were not clearly available in the summarized results used for this manuscript and are not estimated here.

Conclusion: The findings highlight potentially important dietary, socioeconomic, obstetric, and knowledge-related concerns among multigravida women attending this hospital. Antenatal nutrition counselling, appropriate iron supplementation, and education about tea timing and iron-rich foods may be useful. The hemoglobin-based prevalence and associations should be reported from the verified SPSS output before submission.