Innovative Assessment to Modulate the Toxic Effects of a Potentially Toxic Dose of Cuo Nanoparticles using Trigonella Foenum-Graecum Methanol Seed Extract in Oreochromis Mossambicus

Abstract

This study evaluated the potential ameliorative effects of methanolic seed extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum (T-MSE) on hematological changes associated with exposure to copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) in Oreochromis mossambicus. Seventy-two fish (reported body mass: 30–45 g) were allocated to four treatment groups, including an untreated control and three groups receiving CuO-NPs at 0.12 mg/L together with T-MSE. The manuscript reports T-MSE doses inconsistently across the abstract, methods, and tables; the correct doses must be confirmed from the original experimental records before submission. Blood samples were collected at three reported intervals (days 7, 28, and 56), although the exposure duration is also reported as 28 days. These timeline details require confirmation. The reported results indicate that hematological changes were limited at the earliest sampling point and became more pronounced at later sampling points in the lower-extract treatment groups. The highest T-MSE treatment generally showed values closer to the control for several reported hematological measures, including erythrocyte count and hemoglobin. These findings are consistent with a possible partial ameliorative effect, but the magnitude and statistical support of that effect should be interpreted only after the treatment doses, sampling schedule, experimental unit, and statistical analysis have been verified. The study highlights the need for controlled follow-up experiments to determine whether T-MSE can mitigate CuO-NP-associated hematological effects in fish.