Relationship between Smartphone Use and Neck Pain among University Students

Abstract

This study combined forward head posture, musculoskeletal strain, and ergonomic awareness in a single framework to investigate the relationship between smartphone use intensity and neck pain among University students in Pakistan. Data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling, and a quantitative cross-sectional design was used. The findings revealed that a high level of smartphone use was associated with a significant increase in FHP and neck pain, and FHP was significantly associated with an increase in MSK strain, which in turn significantly predicted the occurrence of neck pain. Additionally, the serial mediation model of intensity of smartphone use as a predictor of neck pain via forward head posture and musculoskeletal strain was also statistically significant. The positive association between intensity of smartphone use and neck pain was greatly diminished by ergonomic awareness. The model provided a meaningful explanation and prediction, making ergonomic education and safe smartphone use highly relevant for university students.